Article Examples

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Your = American-Philippine=20 Experience
A = Collaborative Record of=20 the American Experience in the Philippines

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Submission=20 Information

History of = Americans in the=20 Philippines

Article=20 Examples

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Article = Examples

The following are examples of = two American=20 experiences in the Phillipines. The articles are = represenative of=20 what we are looking for.

These articles are from the = book=20 American Exiles in the Philippines, 1941 - 1996: A = Collected=20 Oral Narrative, published by New Day Publishers.

Earl Hornbostel

From Chapter Two World War II and the end of = American=20 sovereignty, 1941-1945

Earl H. Hornbostel represents the transitional = American=20 expatriate. Born in 1915, Hornbostel, as noted, is the son of a = Harvard=20 educated Marine Corps officer, moved to the island of Guam at = the age of=20 six. He would spend the next seven years growing up in a = colonial=20 environment. In 1928 his family moved to Manila, a place that = Hornbostel=20 remembers as clean, friendly, and having polite, uncorrupted = policeman.=20 Around this time Hornbostel began his life-long interest in = radios. He=20 built his first receiver at the age of 13, and developed his = passion by=20 entering the University of the Philippines in 1933 as an = electrical=20 engineering student. There he began in amateur radio with KAIUP, = the=20 radio station of the University. In the years immediately = preceding the=20 war he worked for Heacock=92s Department Store as a radioman and = for the=20 Signal Corps of the U.S. Army converting civilian transmitters = for=20 military use. Internee leader Frederic H. Stevens calls = Hornbostel "the=20 best-known radio technician in the islands," and Hornbostel was = active=20 and popular within the ham radio culture in the Manila = area.9

At Bataan, Hornbostel=92s father, Major H.G. = Hornbostel,=20 then in his sixties, was captured, suffered the infamous Death = March,=20 and was imprisoned at Cabanatuan. Young Hornbostel was interned = with=20 other foreign nationals in the University of Santo Tomas. = Because=20 American leadership in the camp expected that each internee = would=20 contribute their talents, Hornbostel help set up the camp=92s = public=20 address system. In doing so he earned the trust of the Japanese. = Members=20 of the American High Commissioner staff were interned in Santo = Tomas at=20 a later date than other Americans personnel, and some of them = were able=20 to smuggle in radio parts. Sometime after incarceration he was=20 approached by an officer of the High Commissioner and was asked = to set=20 up a transmitter inside Santo Tomas. Hornbostel agreed, and = using his=20 role as one of the camp=92s electronic technician as a cloak, = secretly=20 built a radio transmitter and then tore it down to hide the = parts. As=20 Hornbostel notes:

My plan was to assemble the set when the set = when the=20 American forces were near Manila, or on Luzon, so that we could=20 communicate for instructions and to pass information to help the = relief=20 of Manila and the camp.10

The penalty for such an act was death.

In 1943 the Japanese announced they would = repatriate=20 approximately 143 internees to the United States on the S.S.=20 Gripsholm. Seeing this, Hornbostel approached one of the = selected=20 internees, an Otis Elevator engineer, Kermit Kraus, to carry the = news to=20 authorities in the U.S. that he had constructed the transmitter = and=20 stood ready to assist American forces. But getting the news back = to=20 Hornbostel in Santo Tomas that the U.S. government would go = along with=20 the plan would be difficult. According to Hornbostel:

To indicate that the info be passed on, was = understood,=20 and would be acted on, I asked that a certain Walt Disney tune, = popular=20 in the camp, be played over KGEI on a certain date and time = (KGEI was=20 the West Coast S.W. Broadcast station in the Philippines we = listened to,=20 at the risk of our lives, for reliable news and comfort). In = addition to=20 the arrangement of the song, which was mentioned above to = indicate=20 receipt of the information, I had also asked Kraus to clearly = indicate=20 that I had no intention of whatsoever of using the equipment = until the=20 very end of the occupation, that way, so as not to jeopardize = the=20 internees.11

Kraus was debriefed by U.S. authorities, = Hornbostel=92s plan=20 was passed on, and the U.S. government did, in fact, react to = it. What=20 follows is from a declassified Naval Intelligence document of = December=20 1943, which describes Hornbostel and his dangerous work:

Earl Hornbostel, a radio engineer, confined in = the said=20 camp, who had been entrusted with the operation of a public = address=20 system by the Japanese camp authorities, succeeded in secreting=20 sufficient material with which to construct and operate a secret = radio=20 transmitter of 500 miles range. Hornbostel at the same time has = two=20 short wave receiving sets in his possession unknown to the = authorities.=20 He has no intention of putting the transmitter into operation = until such=20 time as he receives a positive indication from outside as to = what use it=20 may be put. By prearrangement on December 17, 1943 between 2100 = and 2300=20 Tokyo Time, Hornbostel will be listening to the regular = broadcast from=20 station KGEI, from San Francisco. If on that occasion he hears = played=20 the song from the motion picture PINOCCHIO, entitled "HI DIDDLE = DEE DEE"=20 with the special parody lyrics customarily sung at Santo Tomas, = he will=20 understand that Kraus has communicated that fact that Hornbostel = is in=20 possession of the requisite materials for the erection of a = radio=20 transmitter.

Description and sketch of Earl Hornbostel: 24 = years old=20 [he was actually 28], blond hair, blue eyes, about 5=92 10," = 220-230 lbs.,=20 very rotund, a very competent radio engineer. I do not know = anything=20 about his character. Apparently, he is patriotic and willing to = take any=20 chance to put the radio set into operation. He has definite = cause to=20 desire revenge against the Japanese inasmuch as his father was = captured=20 at Bataan and has been ill at Camp #3 at Cabanatuan. I do not = feel too=20 certain about his judgment, and it is for this reason that I = have=20 suggested the tie-up with Mr. Sinclair. I believe that Mr. = Sinclair or=20 most anyone he appointed would competently handle Hornbostel in = an=20 emergency.12

In Hornbostel=92s narrative a number of themes = surface which=20 are characteristic of the American internee experience. One is = the=20 kindness Filipinos showed Americans, often at the risk of = personal=20 safety. Another is the ability of the American community to = rebound=20 after the shock of incarceration, and to quickly structure their = internment in a democratic and capitalistic fashion. The theme = of=20 American and Filipino courage runs throughout his narrative: = resistance=20 to Japanese authority, even in seemingly inconsequential acts,=20 demonstrates the patriotism of both communities. It should not = be=20 forgotten while reading this narrative that the speaker was = hiding the=20 transmitter mentioned above, and in doing so was putting his = life on the=20 line for the sake of his country. Finally, as in nearly all = accounts of=20 internment, the paradoxical character of the Japanese - = sometimes brutal=20 and sometimes noble - is described. Hornbostel=92s narrative = begins with=20 an account of how the relationship between the American and = Filipino=20 communities, between the colonizer and the colonized, remained=20 remarkably supportive, despite the incredible predicament of = World War=20 II.13

Hornbostel: Frankly, without the help that = Filipinos=20 gave Americans in Santo Tomas and other internment camps, the = rate of=20 death would have been many, many times higher. Imagine this: = here=92s an=20 American family in Santo Tomas. They worked for a company in = Manila.=20 They received a monthly salary. They had one or two maids, maybe = a=20 driver. These people [Filipinos] had no obligation to their = masters; in=20 other words, they worked for them, that=92s all. But = nevertheless, so many=20 of these people sacrificed their own welfare by doing everything = they=20 could for their former masters in Santo Tomas. By that I mean = they would=20 send food to them, to whatever extent the Japanese would allow. = They=20 would get information to Spanish, Swiss, or Irish or other = neutral=20 people who were friends of these Americans. They would get = information=20 to them so they could also help through the Filipinos, who would = bring=20 food packages to Santo Tomas. Among the elite in the Filipino = community=20 who had friendship ties with Americans, and virtually all of = them did,=20 they would lend them money to be repaid after the war. This was = such a=20 common occurrence that it was not unusual; it simply happened. = There was=20 certainly nothing like this in Indonesia. If you read stories of = the=20 Dutch who were interned in Indonesia, the Indonesians cooperated = with=20 the Japanese, including Sukarno. They had far more fatalities = and=20 suffering among them.

In my particular case my contacts were far = greater than=20 the average internee because of my camp activities in putting up = this=20 extensive audio system.14 I needed = materials and I=20 was able to get them though my Filipino friends. In order to = survive in=20 the camp everyone was supposed to have a camp duty, except for a = few=20 rich men who managed to get enough money to hire someone to do = their=20 camp duty. My camp duty was the sound system. I needed money = because the=20 food the Japanese gave us was very inadequate; so we all had to = have=20 extra food, at least for the first two years when we could get = it. When=20 I was no longer there it was pretty well cut off and the = suffering went=20 up because the Filipinos could not send things in to us.

Anyway, I started my part-time business there: I = learned=20 how to make candy and fruit concentrates for fruit drinks out of = kalamansi. That was possible because of Filipinos who worked for = me=20 before the war; one whole family whose oldest son had worked for = me as=20 my office manager when I worked at Heacocks, they went into = kalamasi=20 squeezing: buy the kalamasi, buy the sugar. They got the flavor=20 concentrates like oil of wintergreen, vanilla, and all the = others that=20 were needed. So most of the day I was making candy. I had two = different=20 people selling it in the camp.

I was not unique. Either you had to decide to = borrow money=20 from your friends outside, which I could have done because I was = able to=20 get in all of this material and equipment for the camp. I could = have,=20 like others, existed on that. But I did not want to go into = debt. A lot=20 of other people who weren=92t in the position to borrow and = could do=20 something did it. Women did hairdressing or nail work. One = French Jewish=20 chemist found a way to make lipstick. Another fellow, believe it = or not,=20 rented condoms. Rented. One fellow, who was a military deserter, = got=20 there in the early days and was able to get a landing on the = main stairs=20 instead of being in one of the dormitory rooms. He put sheets = around it,=20 and he rented out the space to lovelorn couples, which was = against the=20 Japanese rules. People built shacks for other people; got the = material=20 in from outside: bamboo, sawali, whatever. That was an education = in=20 itself. In my room there was a ship=92s carpenter from an = American=20 President liner that was sunk here in Manila Bay at the outset = of the=20 war. He was an avowed communist. He was trying to convert the = other=20 sixty in our room. But after one year, no more! He was a = completely=20 changed man. He made use of his carpenter=92s ability and went = into=20 business building shacks, and communism went out the window.

In February, 1944, Hornbostel=92s stay in Santo = Tomas would=20 come to an abrupt end. With three other internees, he would be = arrested=20 for anti-Japanese activities, and removed from the camp. His = harrowing=20 narrative is illustrative of the humiliation suffered by many = American=20 civilians.

Hornbostel: A friend of mine=92s father, an = American=20 mestizo, was in the camp. E.B. Harris was the father; the son = was=20 Johnny. The children of an American and a Filipino mother were = not=20 interned. Even an American wife of a Filipino was not interned. = Johnny=20 Harris worked in the radio station of our company. He had a good = short-wave receiver which he bolted into a wall somewhere so if = the=20 Japanese inspected the place they wouldn=92t easily find it. He = was making=20 transcripts of the KGEI broadcasts and sending them into the = camp to his=20 father through three Americans who were the drug purchasers for = the=20 camp. They were allowed out once or twice a week to go around = Manila to=20 buy medicine. They were qualified because they were agents of = drug=20 companies. One was with Sprit [?], the other Upjohn. I=92ve = forgotten the=20 third. When they went out one of them would carry a fountain = pen, and=20 you had a cavity inside with a rubber bladder, and you would = squeeze=20 that to draw in ink. You would take out the bladder and then = take these=20 transcripts on onion skin paper and roll it up and put it = inside. They=20 would meet Johnny in a drug store somewhere; the Japanese did = not send a=20 guard with them. They had a temporary pass and had to wear an = armband to=20 designate what they were. They=92d exchange fountain pens and = bring them=20 into the camp. They would read it themselves, show it to their = friends,=20 and then it would go to his father, who was a good friend of = mine, as=20 well. But I didn=92t read his transcripts because I had a hidden = radio in=20 the camp.

The Japanese published an English language = newspaper (the=20 Manila Tribune) here during the war. They did not allow = it into=20 the camp, but sometimes a copy got in. One time I read this copy = the=20 same day it came out. It told there of the American invasion of = Tarawa.=20 The interesting thing was that for the next three days KGEI = never=20 reported that. Maybe they didn=92t want to let Japanese on = neighboring=20 islands know too much about what had happened there. Anyway, I = told the=20 old man about the Tarawa landing and the success of the Marines. =

Eventually, Johnny was caught in the Jai = Alai.15 He used to bring these transcripts and give = it to some=20 of his friends there. But he was caught. Some of his friends = were also=20 caught. The Japanese, a few days later, came in and arrested his = father.=20 His father was quite an old man, and he was tortured. He was = asked about=20 these transcripts that were being sent in. The old man, when he = was=20 questioned and tortured, for some reason told them I had shown = him=20 transcripts, which I had never done. Because anything we heard = on our=20 radio we never wrote down. He described in part this Tarawa = incident as=20 being part of a transcript I had shown him. Because of that I = was=20 arrested and taken out.16

I was brought to this place in Manila, an old = mansion [of=20 Dr. Burke on Aviles Street], built in 1834, whose first floor = had=20 originally been stables and were made out of stone and mortar in = a very=20 heavy construction. Huge thick walls, and upstairs were the = Japanese=20 officers. I was kept there [upstairs] for one day. Those = officers just=20 made me stand in the corner like a guilty child. The next day = they put=20 me down in the cell with others [of mixed nationalities], = including one=20 Japanese. I didn=92t know what they had on me; didn=92t know the = slightest=20 thing. The next day took me to an interrogating room, which was = also in=20 this basement, in this old stable.

A young Japanese, must have been 18 or 19 years = old, who=20 had lived in Manila and spoke English, was assigned to take my = life=20 history back to my grandparents. I spent the whole day doing = that. He=20 just wanted to know everything. He asked me all kinds of = questions: me,=20 my family, what I=92d done, where I=92d lived. Everything.

The next room was separated from my room by a = window,=20 which as it came into our room spread out. On the smaller side = were=20 bars. In the next room old man Harris was reviewing his previous = testimony by another Japanese, but a somewhat older fellow.17 Now, I had been many, many years a ham radio = operator,=20 and you learn the ability to what we call "read traffic." In = other=20 words, hear through a lot of noise and static. There was a lot = of noise:=20 the Japanese office was up above with these big, wide planks of = wood=20 between us. They=92re tramping around with their boots. Hearing = him=20 through that little porthole was difficult. But while I was = being=20 interrogated I was able to hear and make out what he had = testified about=20 me, which was being reviewed by the other Japanese. The young = Japanese=20 with me was in the corner, and I was sitting near where that = opening=20 was, so maybe he didn=92t realize that the fellow [in the next = room] had=20 some connection with me; that I shouldn=92t be hearing that. He = couldn=92t=20 hear it as well as I could, so he wouldn=92t know the = import.

Anyway, I knew everything the old man had said, = including=20 what were the colors of the paper these transcripts were = supposed to be=20 on: some were pink, some were yellow, some were white. He gave = them=20 dates: three different dates and three different occasions when = I was=20 supposed to have shown him transcripts, which I can tell you I = never had=20 done. I discovered that in going over those dates in my memory, = that=20 each of them - it=92s incredible, if you saw it in a movie it = wouldn=92t=20 seem possible - each of those dates he gave coincided with dates = when I=20 repaired radios in the camp for the Japanese guards. It=92s = incredible=20 because it stretched over a year=92s period.

The Japanese guards would bring in radios to the = camp=92s=20 electricians, two Americans and one Australian, who we called = the Smith=20 Brothers because each of them had a big black beard.18 So the Smith Brothers would call me in and I = would fix=20 the radios. I had a radio so I didn=92t need to listen, but they = wanted to=20 listen. I would always decastrate [remove the short wave = components] it=20 to receive that KGEI station. Being electricians they could put = up wires=20 temporarily that would serve as an antennae. I had some = headphones in=20 there that the Japanese didn=92t know about; I could listen that = way=20 safely.

When interrogated I still had something up my = sleeve. The=20 Japanese allowed people to use AM radio. But not short-wave. = However,=20 because of the radio I had in camp, I could, at times, receive = Chunking.=20 This was the defense of China headquarters. At times you could = receive=20 that in Manila. They had during the war an English language news = broadcast.

The Japanese had this transcript story, and I = knew it=20 would be pretty useless to deny it, so when they asked me, = "Where did=20 you get this news?" I said, "Well, I listened to Chunking."

[They asked], "Where did you type it up?" The = electricians=20 had a typewriter in their office. [He told the Japanese he used = the=20 typewriter.] I felt safe there because they never got a hold of = any of=20 the transcripts; they wouldn=92t be able to compare the = typefaces. I=20 admitted that. That was no crime on the AM broadcasts. When they = went=20 over the dates again, I was able to tell them the dates I=92d = done that=20 before they asked me. So my story went together every well. I = wouldn=92t=20 have to worry about getting shot.

What they did do was to go to the camp and = arrest the=20 three Smith Brothers and hold them for one day in another room = in that=20 building. I never saw them; I heard afterwards that it had = happened.=20 Fortunately, they confirmed the dates. So my story held = together.

All the Japanese could do was to give me a three = year=20 sentence for hearing propaganda. Then they brought me to old = Bilibid,=20 where all of those who had been found guilty and were being held = for=20 court martial were kept.19 I spent over = three months=20 there.

Bilibid was different from the other place, of = course.=20 There were a number of cells, each holding seven or eight people = and one=20 large cell of sixty. That=92s the one where they put me. Johnny = Harris was=20 in my cell also. In one cell there were seven women; one of them = was the=20 mother of Samboy Stagg [Mary B. Stagg]. Another woman in there = was Dr.=20 [Hawthorne] Darby, an American doctor in the charity hospital in = Tondo;=20 a missionary doctor. There was a Mrs. [Blanche] Jurika, who was = the=20 mother-in-law of Chick Parsons; she was arrested because of = him.20 There was an American mestiza from Negros, = who was the=20 girlfriend of Tom Myers, who was in my cell. There was, in my = cell, a=20 priest who sat right in front of me, who later became the first = Filipino=20 Cardinal: Cardinal [Rufino] Santos.21

His story is interesting. He was a very fine = person. He=20 was the secretary of the Archbishop, [Michael J.] O=92Doherty, = who, being=20 Irish, was not interned. O=92Doherty was old and infirm. The = Archbishop=92s=20 office was just a stone=92s throw from Ft. Santiago. The = Archbishop and=20 the Catholic Women=92s League and others were helping to get = medicine and=20 badly needed things to the military prison in Bongabon, in Nueva = Ecija.22 He did most of his liaison work = through his=20 secretary, Father Santos. There was a whole operation called the = CIO.=20 One-hundred eighty people were arrested in January of =9144. = When they=20 came to arrest the Archbishop, Father Santos took the entire=20 responsibility on himself to prevent the Archbishop from being = arrested.=20 He wouldn=92t have survived Ft. Santiago. Few people know about = that. He=20 [Santos] was a very modest man; it didn=92t get into the press = here. So he=20 went through that whole routine: Ft. Santiago, old Bilibid, and = finally=20 Muntilupa.

He sat immediately in front of me [in Bilibid]. = I became=20 very familiar with his back [laughs]. We could not talk among = ourselves.=20 If we were caught talking we would be beaten by the guards. They = could=20 observe us because the building was originally cement, with a = cement=20 floor. What the Japanese did - because we had to have a toilet = there -=20 they made a new floor out of wood about that high [several feet = off the=20 ground] and off in the corner was a hole in the floor with a = five gallon=20 can underneath. That was our toilet. We had to sleep on that = floor at=20 night with nothing but our shirts and shorts. The lights were = always=20 on.

The walls, since it had originally been a large, = open=20 building, were made out of double wood. Yet into those [double] = walls=20 would be places where the guard could look. It was very = difficult to=20 talk without getting caught.

You had to lay down in exactly the place where = you sat for=20 sixteen hours a say. You couldn=92t just sit in any old way, you = had to=20 squat. At night, laying down, depending on how you laid on your = side,=20 you couldn=92t be seen by the guards. So you could do some = whispering. You=20 had some chance to talk to your immediate neighbor.

I remember there was a fellow just to the left = side of=20 Father Santos who was beaten several times by the Japanese = guards=20 because at sunset he would say his evening prayers. Not only = move his=20 lips but mouth the words. He got beaten up four or five times. = Finally,=20 Father Santos whispered to him: "God knows what=92s in your = mind. If you=20 speak to God He doesn=92t listen to your voice. He hears = what=92s here [the=20 heart]. You need not talk. Your prayers are just as good if you = think=20 them."

The fellow stopped; he didn=92t get beaten up = any more.

A portion of that large compound was used for = these=20 prisoners. Nearby, but separated by very substantial walls, were = the=20 U.S. military prisoners, who were mainly there because they were = being=20 transferred from one work place to another. They=92d stay there = a few=20 days.

On June 30, we were taken out to Ft. McKinley = [now Ft.=20 Bonifacio] for court martial. We were court martialed and = brought back=20 to Bilibid and kept there. Those of us who didn=92t get the = death penalty=20 - in our group there were two who did get the death sentence - = were put=20 into a small cell and kept there until July 5th, =9144. They = transferred=20 us to Muntinlupa, which was the large insular prison outside of = Manila=20 where most of the prisoners were insular prisoners; ordinary = criminals.=20 A separate portion was for military prisoners. From July 5th = until=20 September 9th, there were no Japanese guards in that prison. But = in the=20 last week of August a number of our fellow prisoners had = escaped,=20 including Raul Manglapus.23 This escape = triggered a=20 change in the prison. Previously, we had the freedom of the = outside=20 grounds within the prison walls; now we were isolated in two = buildings.=20 The total number of military prisoners there, the maximum = number, was=20 about 1,200. After the imposition of the Japanese guards, = conditions=20 became very bad. Very difficult to get in supplementary food or = anything=20 from the outside. The food was dried cassava chips. This is = known to=20 Americans as tapioca. It=92s absolutely pure starch, about the = purest type=20 of starch you can get. If you eat that and nothing else it=92s = sure death.=20 Occasionally, they=92d put one or two leaves on it; sometimes = dried fish=20 on top. Beriberi, vitamin B shortage, was highly prevalent. By = the time=20 we got out on February 5, 1945, from 1,200 we were down to 400: = beriberi=20 and other diseases that ordinary attention would have taken care = of. It=20 was really difficult.

While I was there I was called out on occasion = to fix=20 radios, not only by the Japanese guards but by three or four = prison=20 officials. My reputation had preceded me. Among those whose = radios I=20 fixed was the Assistant Director [Adriano Valdez], who was a=20 Constabulary officer, a veteran of Bataan. He had spent a year = as a=20 guerrilla. I had fixed their radio, himself and his daughter = [Elizabeth=20 Pyle Valdez]. His daughter was half white because his wife had = been=20 American. I only had a brief time with them, one afternoon. The = Director=20 of the prison [Elias Dioquino] was another Constabulary officer = but whom=20 everyone disliked because he was diverting food from the = prisoners to=20 his own gain.

At the end [in 1945] we were fortunate that the = Japanese=20 lieutenant in charge of the platoon assigned to the prison, who = were our=20 guards, had been more compassionate than his predecessors. For = example,=20 on Christmas Eve the prison chaplain requested that this = lieutenant send=20 in a Mass kit to the priest, who was Father Santos, so he could = hold a=20 midnight Mass, which is very important to Catholics. This Mass = was held,=20 and to tell you the truth, although I wasn=92t a Catholic at the = time, it=20 was the most religious experience of my whole life. After all = the=20 repression and what we had been through, to be able to join in = this=20 offering to Christ was quite, quite an experience.

The American forces landed in Lingayen [January = 6, 1945].=20 We=92d seen an occasional American plane; we knew what was = happening.=20 About eight in the evening on February 3 [1945], the American = forces=20 entered the gate of Santo Tomas. The day before that the = Japanese=20 lieutenant for our prison was called to the kempeitai = headquarters at=20 Fort Santiago and given orders that he was to execute all those = with=20 sentences of 15 years and more regardless of nationality and, = with=20 respect to nationality, all Americans, regardless of sentence = length.=20 The officer did not like these orders; of course, we didn=92t = know it at=20 the time.

When he came back at noon, February 3, he had = his guards=20 call out twelve men and told the prisoners to bring minimal = clothing=20 with them; they were being transferred. But they were taken by = these=20 guards some distance outside the prison, to the cemetery of the = prison=20 in a very large mango grove outside of gunshot hearing of the = prison.=20 These twelve men were executed. Now, Filipino insular prisoners = had been=20 called along to bury them. So when these insular prisoners got = back the=20 word quickly got to us what was happening. Later that afternoon = twelve=20 more were called out and the same thing happened. Next morning, = Sunday,=20 twelve more were called out and executed. Past noon time another = twelve=20 were called out. Keep in mind that at that particular point in = time the=20 American forces that had landed in Nasugbu and fought their way = up to=20 Manila, to Las Pinas, were already a just a few miles from = us.

So this last twelve, making a total of 48, were = executed.=20 There was one survivor, an amazing thing: he was shot through = the head=20 and body, and when the Filipino prisoners went there to bury = them they=20 saw this fellow was still conscious, and he eventually = survived.

The Japanese came back. It was about three or = four o=92clock=20 in the afternoon. They called out the last group, which included = we five=20 Americans. It was early February, beginning to get close to = sunset. It=20 took time to walk out to the cemetery and come back. Because it = was=20 getting close to sunset, the Japanese officer decided, after = letting us=20 stand around for about an hour, to postpone it to the next = morning.=20 While we were standing around there I found a piece of charcoal = and went=20 to the wall of the stairway going to the second floor and wrote = there:=20 "Hornbostel was here" [laughs].

Anyway, that night the Japanese officer was = invited to=20 have dinner with his assistant director, Major Valdez. As a = veteran of=20 Bataan, [Valdez] had been able to escape from Bataan with some = of his=20 men and not surrender to the Japanese, and spent a year as a = guerrilla=20 in the mountains of the Pangasinan-Zambales boundary area. But = [he]=20 surrendered to the Japanese because he heard that his daughter = in Manila=20 was working in a vaudeville show. He didn=92t like that. So he=20 surrendered. The Japanese had taken all Constabulary who were = willing to=20 be reinstated, so he was put back there and assigned to the = prison.

Getting out of Bataan he had with him there a = good,=20 battery operated radio, a Philco, and a bottle of Black Label = whisky. He=20 kept those two things up in the mountains. When he surrendered = he was=20 able to keep them. Of course, the radio had to be castrated [its = short-wave capability removed]. But he had them in the prison; = that=92s=20 the radio I fixed. He kept that bottle of whisky for liberation = day.

He invited the Japanese [officer] over. Gave him = a very=20 nice dinner, and then he and his daughter went to work on him = not to=20 execute anybody the next day. I guess his daughter was more = interested=20 in me than the others [prisoners]. But after enjoying the Black = Label he=20 agreed not to execute any more. And he kept his promise.

The next afternoon, February 5, they [the = Japanese] left.=20 That night we were free. Of course, later on I married the young = lady.24

Hornbostel would go on to marry the woman and = start his=20 own electronics company, eventually employing several hundred in = the=20 Manila area. The rescue of Hornbostel, a child of the American = colonial=20 military, by the Philippine officer and his American-Filipino = daughter=20 is poignant. In this rescue one sees the transformation of the=20 relationship of the American and Filipino communities: where = once was=20 colonial power and subordination, now existed a partnership, = imperfect=20 perhaps, but one built on shared suffering and resistance. = Salvation=20 from the Japanese firing squad, while Manila was in flames, and = the=20 marriage of Hornbostel with his savior metaphorically celebrates = the=20 beginning of the postcolonial period.

9. Stevens 196.

10. Earl H. Hornbostel, "The Odyssey of = KAIBB=92S HT-1,"=20 unpublished manuscript, 2-3. In a December 1996 e-mail = correspondence=20 with the author, Hornbostel elaborates on the circumstances of = the radio=20 transmitter:

When the Japanese entered Manila, most = civilians, allied=20 civilians, were interned in Sto. Thomas but the members of the = staff of=20 the American high commissioner=92s office were interned = separately in a=20 large private residence on the south side of Manila near the = Airport,=20 and they were kept there for several months. These residence = belong to=20 an American businessman whose hobby was ham radio and he had a=20 Hallicrafters HT-1 transmitter in a cottage in his garden. When = the=20 Japanese took over the place, they had not seem this = transmitter, so the=20 Americans interned there decided to hide it. After a few months, = they=20 were informed that they were to be transferred to Sto. Thomas = but having=20 something of a diplomatic status, they were allowed to bring = anything=20 they wanted into the camp and the Japanese provided a truck for = this=20 purpose. Having enough time before being transferred, one of = them=20 decided to bring this transmitter into the camp but in a safe = way, that=20 is, he took it apart and hid the parts in all the different bits = of=20 baggage and furniture that they were bringing. When they arrived = in the=20 camp, they looked me up and gave me these parts. Fortunately, I = was very=20 familiar with this particular transmitter since I had done = repair work=20 on it for its original owner. What I did was to hide all those = parts=20 that could be characterized as transmitter parts in various = places in=20 Sto. Thomas with the help of various friend in the camp but I = did it on=20 the communist cell principle. If they were to hide them, each = one hid it=20 and only he would know where it was hidden. On top of that, no = one of=20 these friends knew who else had hidden parts and I, myself, = would not=20 know where they had hidden the parts. As my intention was to put = it=20 together at an appropriate time, I would be able to gather all = the=20 parts. The other parts of the transmitter mixed with our audio = equipment=20 because some of those parts in any event were useful for those=20 applications.

For more on the story of Hornbostel=92s radio = transmitter=20 and other related

Santo Tomas topics see Tom Carter=92s "The Way = It Was"=20 column in the

May, June, and July, 1998 issues of the = AmCham Business=20 Journal.

11. Hornbostel, 3.

12. Naval Intelligence document, "Guerrilla = Activities=20 (Allied) in Philippine Islands," (New York: Third Naval = District, 8=20 December, 1943) 1-2. The document also contains the special = parody=20 lyrics (3-4):

Hi-diddle-dee-dee

Internment=92s not for me.

The outlook isn=92t a happy one

For first we borrow and then we bum,

And wind up stealing our best pal=92s slum.

Hi-diddle-dee-dee.

Hi-diddle-dee-dee

The game is a wonderful spree

We found there are catches to everything

To permanent passes they tied a string

So we heckle Bert Holland [an internee leader] = and mope=20 and sing.

Hi-diddle-dee-dee.

Hi-diddle-dee-dee

We=92ll be out in =9143

But when New Year=92s here in =9154

Internees will still be fighting the war

In the showers and by the front door.

Hi-diddle-dee-dee

Hi-diddle-dee-dee

Internment=92s not for me

In =9149 we=92ll begin to stall

To go over the wall or not at all

And wind up back in Villamor Hall

Hi-diddle-dee-dee.

Hi-diddle-dee-dee

A lesson this will be

When you hear that help is on the way

You=92ll take the first boat from Manila Bay

To God=92s country, the U.S.A.

Hi-diddle-dee-dee.

Hornbostel=92s father is described by Hartendorp = in his=20 posthumously

published, "The Hartendorp Memoir=92s," = Bulletin of the=20 American

Historical Collection, 6 no. 3 = (July-September 1978):=20 54-55.

13. A representative account of the relationship = of the=20 American and Filipino communities also comes from Henry Sioux=20 Johnson:

At the beginning, the Japanese permitted = Filipinos to=20 bring extra food and so forth through the camp gate. So friendly = Filipinos brought food, clothes, and other things. It showed = that many=20 Filipinos were loyal to Americans. The internees really = appreciated the=20 fact that a number of Filipinos had been maltreated or killed by = the=20 Japanese for their acts of charity. The Filipinos risked quite a = bit.=20 The Japanese guards resented the Filipinos=92 display of = friendship toward=20 Americans. Onorato Henry Sioux Johnson 18.

14. Stevens, in discussing the sound system of = the camp,=20 remarks:

The greatest aid in expending their equipment = came from=20 Earl=92s Filipino friends, whose generous load of speakers, = =91mikes=92 and=20 turntables was invaluable. For the past five months of operation = the=20 radio boys used their own funds and personal equipment, without=20 financial support from the camp. So it is due to these Filipino=20 benefactors that the outfit grew to possess all the = appurtenances of a=20 broadcasting station - bar the radio. 196-197.

For biographical information on Stevens see his = obituary=20 in Tom Carter, "Frederic Harper Stevens, 1879-1982," Bulletin = of the=20 American Historical Collection, 11 no. 1 (January = 1983):=20 110-111.

15. The Jai Alai was a sports center turned into = an=20 internment area. Johnny Harris was executed for passing the = transcripts=20 on July 4, 1944. See Hartendorp, vol. II, 579.

16. The episode of Hornbostel=92s arrest is = treated in=20 detail by Hartendorp, vol. II, 578-581. The removal of the men = from=20 Santo Tomas created a good measure of anxiety among the = internees, and=20 Stevens describes the event as follows:

On February 27, 1944, four internees - S.R. = Barnett, J.H.=20 Blair, E.T. Ellis, and Everett B. Harris - the first three = living with=20 their wives and families in Camp and the last an elderly man, = were taken=20 into custody and removed from Santo Tomas Internment Camp, by = the=20 Japanese military authorities. A few days earlier these four men = had=20 been questioned about bringing news into Camp. In the course of = this=20 questioning, Mr. Blair had been so badly beaten that he required = hospitalization. A day or two later another internee - Earl H.=20 Hornbostel - was also removed from Camp. Neither the Internee = Committee=20 nor the families of these men were informed as to the reason for = the=20 arrest. ... These men seemed to have disappeared from the face = of the=20 earth. 62-63.

See also Civilians in World = War=20 II,197.

17. E. B. Harris died of starvation in San = Lazaro Hospital=20 on May 9, 1944. See Hartendorp (vol. II, 579) and Stevens (63). = In a=20 June 30, 1998 conversation between the author and Hornbostel, = the=20 ex-internee asserted the following about the death of = Harris:

Self-induced starvation. A very unusual thing. = He had=20 grown up in the southern tip of Illinois. His parents had been = farmers.=20 It is in that portion [of the state] that [occurs] the = confluence of the=20 Mississippi and the Ohio [rivers], and that is a pretty low and = swampy=20 area. The crop grown there is rice. His parents were not really=20 well-to-do farmers; they were close to being subsistence = farmers. So he=20 had an awful lot of rice [as a child]. [As an adult] he just = couldn=92t=20 eat it. When he came to the Philippines he couldn=92t eat = it.

It was entirely in his mind because in Santo = Tomas, at=20 times, he was sent in puto. Puto is a little rice cake, not = necessarily=20 sweet. It is made from rice flour. He ate puto, but he could not = eat=20 rice, and all we got in Bilibid was rice. He just simply died of = starvation because he couldn=92t eat rice. He would vomit. He = would have=20 intense stomach upsets. And yet because I knew he could eat puto = I say=20 it was entirely in the mind.

18. Assumedly, Hornbostel is referring to the = Smith=20 Brothers illustration on the Smith Brothers Cough Drops. For = another=20 primary account of Hornbostel=92s interrogation seeCivilians = in World=20 War II, 203-204.

19. Bilibid prison was used mainly for military = prisoners,=20 although a number of civilians were also interned there. For an = extended=20 and detailed description of Bilibid see Hayes throughout.

20. American Charles A. "Chick" Parsons became a = legendary=20 underground figure during the war. His story is accounted in = Carlos=20 Quirino=92s Chick Parsons: America=92s Master Spy in the = Philippines=20 (Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1984). His mother-in-law, Mrs. = Blanche=20 Jurika, as well as Dr. Darby, Mrs. Stagg, Mrs. Sylvia Carrero, = and Miss=20 Helen Wilke were all executed by the Japanese as a result of = their being=20 a part of an alleged spy ring known as the Central Intelligence=20 Organization. In a March 11, 1998 letter to Tom Carter, = Hornbostel=20 provides more information on his cellmates:

There were, I believe, about 179 arrested and = brought to=20 Fort Santiago. After investigation, those who they considered = guilty=20 were brought to Old Bilibid and kept for court martial. These = court=20 martials occurred, I believe, between late June and late August = 1944;=20 and most of them were executed. A number of them were in my = prison cell=20 where we had at any given time, between fifty-eight and = sixty-three=20 prisoners. People included were Fr. Santos, later on became the = Cardinal=20 [see following note], Liling Roces, the brother of Chino Roces, = Tom=20 Myers, who together with his girlfriend were doing courier = service for=20 Chic Parsons between Mindoro and Manila but stayed most of the = time in=20 the forested area on the Cavite, Batangas and mountain area = between=20 Tagaytay and the South China Sea. There was also a Filipino = lieutenant=20 who had come from Australia with Chic Parsons and had been = captured in=20 the small sailboat, together with General Vicent Lim, other way = from=20 Chic Parsons=92 headquarters. Gen. Vincente Lim, no relation of = Manila=92s=20 mayor, was an early West Point graduate and his two sons, Robert = and=20 Vincent Jr., respectively, studied in West Point and Annapolis = later.=20 These two sons fled, together with the third [son?] who is a = Jesuit=20 priest, and [became] very successful in their lives and at one = time=20 [Robert?] became the head of Philippine Air Lines and the other = one,=20 Vincente, was a high executive of [the] Del Monte operation.=20 Unfortunately, when Vincente Lim was captured, he was almost = immediately=20 executed but his lieutenant was in my cell. Another officer in = my cell=20 was Lt. Gepte. He was a recent West Point graduate. In our room, = he was=20 one of three men that was assigned to go to the kitchen three = times a=20 day and to bring the food in kettles that was dished out in the=20 dishes... These dishes were half-coconut shells that had [a] = very sour=20 smell because they were not cleaned and, of course, we had to = use our=20 fingers to eat. Occasionally, Gepte was able to communicate with = prisoners in other cells and could keep us informed about the = comings=20 and goings of prisoners or pass messages between cells. The sad = thing=20 about him, of course, was that he was one of those executed. ... = The man=20 who sat just to my left was dying of tuberculosis and = ironically, was=20 the paid assassin of Alejandro Roces, head of the [Manila] = Tribune=20 organization and had been killed late in 1943 by guerrillas who, = I=20 believed, mistakenly thought that the elder Roces was = collaborating with=20 the Japanese because of their use of the Tribune facilities. He = did work=20 that time with the newspaper but it was basically he wanted to = do his=20 best to preserve the facilities owned by the family. ... Tom = Myers, whom=20 I mentioned earlier, was the son of Forrest H. Myers, head of = the Luzon=20 Brokerage Company. F.H. Myers was in Sto. Tomas and his son, = Tom, was an=20 outdoorsman and he used to go hunting in different parts of the=20 Philippines and was very used to roughing it. He had a wife in = Sto.=20 Tomas and a daughter Terry, a teenager at that time; but, having = at the=20 time of the outbreak of the war, a mistress, an American mestiza = from=20 Negros, Tom had elected to get out of town with her and head for = the=20 boondocks, which is in this case were the mountains between = Cavite and=20 Batangas, which is how he later was able to help Chic Parsons. = His=20 girlfriend did most of the traveling but as a white man, it was = very=20 difficult for him to visit well-populated areas.

The interesting thing about Lt. Gepte was that = he was=20 involved with Stagg in intelligence work. His wife and Lt. = Gepte, and a=20 number of other people from the Ellinwood Church in Malate, were = doing a=20 good job for us. Unfortunately, Mrs. Stagg and Gepte were caught = in the=20 CIO round up and she was one of the seven women in the cell of = Old=20 Bilibid. Of whom, six were executed and only Tom Myer=92s = girlfriend was=20 not executed and survived as a prisoner in the Women=92s = Correctional=20 Institute in Mandaluyong. Tom had found the broken tip of the = pencil and=20 with some toilet paper wrote a will asking that his insurance be = given=20 to his girlfriend. He gave me this will before I was brought to=20 Muntinlupa and I hid it in the folds under the belt of my short = pants=20 that had been issued to me in Bilibid. This will, unfortunately, = I could=20 not bring with me because the Japanese made me change into my = clothes in=20 which I had been arrested. But after our liberation, I went to = his=20 father and told him of the contents of the will which I had = memorized=20 but his father refused to do it because he was pretty angry = about his=20 situation with the girlfriend, even though he had done heroic = service=20 for our country.

See Quirno (16-17, 75) and Hartendorp (vol.II, = 242).

21. Rufino Cardinal Santos was the Catholic = leader during=20 the first decade of the Marcos government. During martial law = his=20 relationship with the Marcos family was usually seen in contrast = with=20 that of another leader of the clergy, Cardinal Jaime Sin.

22. For a discussion of O=92Doherty and his = dealings with=20 the Japanese propaganda corps, specifically Lieutenant Colonel = T.=20 Naruzawa, see Hartendorp, vol. I, 226-230.

23. Raul Manglapus would go on to become = Secretary of=20 Foreign Affairs, senator, anti-Marcos organizer in exile, and, = during=20 the U.S. military bases debate, the leader of the Aquino = government=92s=20 negotiating team. For an account of the escape see Civilians = in World=20 War II, 239-252.

24. Stevens records the rescue as such:

The whereabouts of these four internees [Ellis, = Barnett,=20 Blair, and Hornbostel] was not definitely discovered until the = Arrival=20 [sic] of the U.S. Forces of Liberation. They were found by = guerrilla=20 troops in the insular prison at Muntinlupa, weak, emaciated, at = the=20 point of death. Months of suffering, both physical and mental, = had been=20 their lot. They had finally been condemned to death and the = firing squad=20 had already set the date for the horrible orgy. Had the rescue = been=20 delayed for only a day or two longer, they would undoubtedly = been=20 executed. 63.

Hartendorp also describes the rescue, and note = the=20 interesting role played by the Filipino officers:

[T]he Filipino officials were delaying matters = as much as=20 possible by claiming that some of the men listed for execution = were=20 already dead and by mixing up the records as much as they dared. = ... By=20 this time it was considered too late in the day to continue the = bloody=20 work, and that evening, the half-American daughter of the = Assistant=20 Director, a girl known to the prisoners only as "Boots," pleaded = with=20 the Japanese lieutenant not to kill the four Americans. She = reminded him=20 that the American forces were already in Manila and at Paranaque = and Las=20 Pinas, only a few kilometers away, and that he probably would = not see=20 his superior officer again; the lieutenant, who had not seemed = to like=20 his task anyway, agreed that night, the 4th, not to shoot any = more of=20 the prisoners.

About 3:30 the next afternoon - the 5th - he and = his men=20 left the prison in great haste, apparently believing that = American=20 troops were advancing [in fact it was Filipino guerrillas who = entered=20 the prison] ... Assistant Director Valdez ... told the military=20 prisoners they were free. vol. II 580.

The prisoners eventually made it to the American = lines.=20 Hartendorp reports that Hornbostel then:

worked on army radio, sound, and moving-picture = equipment=20 at Nasugbu for some weeks, then thumbed a ride on an army truck = to=20 Manila, arriving at Santo Tomas on February 25 and finding his = father,=20 Major H.G. Hornbostel, there. The elder Hornbostel had come into = Camp a=20 few days before, after almost three years imprisonment in = Cabanatuan and=20 two months in Bilibid. ... Earl Hornbostel married "Boots" = Elizabeth=20 Pyle Valdez, daughter of the Assistant Director of the prison, = on May=20 31, 1945. vol. II, 581.

The help of the Filipino jailer and his daughter = is also=20 reported, albeit very briefly, in Emily Hahn=92s The = Islands (New=20 York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1987) 224-225. See also=20 Civilians in World War II, 223-226.

Back=20 to the top

Eddie Woolbright

From Chapter Three Community reconstruction, = Philippine=20

independence, and the development of new

American-Philippine relations, 1946-1964

There can be no doubt that Edward Woolbright has = earned a=20 high place in the pantheon of expatriate personalities in the=20 Philippines. Living first in Tacloban and then Cebu City, = Woolbright=20 built not only a financial empire but an almost mythical = stature, and=20 his exploits evoke the archetypal image of the American = expatriate=20 success during the postwar years. Woolbright was born in = Boswell,=20 Oklahoma, and grew up in dust bowl America. Like others of the = time, it=20 was Franklin Roosevelt=92s Civilian Conservation Corps that = allowed him to=20 rise above the Great Depression. Joining the Coast Guard=92s = officer=20 training program, Woolbright found himself in Florida aboard the = training vessel, Joseph Konrad. After further training in = Boston,=20 Woolbright began his merchant marine duty by visiting Western = hemisphere=20 ports such as Buenos Aires and Caracas. When the war broke out,=20 Woolbright first considered becoming a pilot, but continued in = the=20 merchant marines, taking part in harrowing convoy duty across = the North=20 Atlantic. Another trip took him to the invasion of Sicily. In = 1944 he=20 found himself as part of the invasion of Leyte, and it was here = that his=20 fifty-year relationship with the Philippines began.3=20 Like other servicemen, he eventually found Manila. The = devastated=20 town was ripe for the entrepreneur, and Woolbright was quick to = see the=20 economic opportunities before him. His first venture into = Philippine=20 business was something less than a success, but it does = characterize the=20 spirit of the times.

Woolbright: [He went from] Leyte Gulf to = Tacloban [in=20 late October, 1944], and that was the worst place I suppose I = ever saw=20 in the world. See the Army was there... hundreds and hundreds of = trucks=20 and all kinds of vehicles... tanks... bulldozers. All of them up = and=20 down the road. The roads were just muck. You couldn=92t even = walk down the=20 roads... [he had to go] in a jeep. Mudholes two or three feet = deep in=20 the town and all. Dirtiest, ugliest place in the world.4

I went ashore there and met with some people. = Talked to=20 them. Met with them in a little place. We sat down and talked. = We had a=20 USO and had some beer served, and the Red Cross had some lemon = juice=20 [stands] all over the town. But not much to see [in Tacloban]. A = couple=20 of little Chinese restaurants, and we would eat Chinese food. = But it was=20 a dirty town because of so many people and so many vehicles of = all=20 types. I met a few people there and they all spoke English very, = very=20 well. And I enjoyed Tacloban, except that it was a dirty, dirty = town=20 because of the invasion.

We stayed there about January or February = [1945], and we=20 left for Manila. We were loaded. We had discharged there: guns = and=20 ammunition. Leyte was the only place that actually had been = taken,=20 really. Japs were all over everywhere except Leyte. So we went = to Manila=20 and were anchored out in Manila Bay, and there was still = fighting in=20 Manila. [Later] I got to know a lot of people there [in Manila]. = I would=20 go downtown, everybody was very friendly with you. All the = Filipinos=20 were very friendly, all calling you "Joe."

Downtown I had a lot of fun. I saw that all the = bank=20 buildings were all wide open. You could walk in and nobody was = there,=20 money laying all over the floor. But it was Japanese money. It = was=20 worthless, not anything of value, except for souvenirs. My = friend and I=20 - a radio operator and I - decided to collect [the Japanese = money]. So=20 we got sacks, and we started sacking it up. We got two or three = banca=20 loads of money, and we took it back to the ship. From Manila we = thought=20 we would go back to the States, and we could sell all of this = money for=20 souvenirs. Well, we locked it [the money] up. Finally, we sailed = from=20 Manila, but not for home. The war had changed. We were there in = Manila,=20 then the invasion of Okinawa was going on. So when the war in = Okinawa=20 was almost over we went to Okinawa. Then from Okinawa we had = something=20 to do in Shanghai, so we had to go from Okinawa to Shanghai. = Then from=20 Shanghai to Tokyo. Then the war was over [and the money which = they had=20 been holding became worthless as souvenirs back in the = U.S.].

Perhaps because of the protean conditions, the = immediate=20 postwar years offered the American the opportunity to establish=20 businesses or grow within their corporations. The following = narratives=20 address how Americans developed professionally within the often = chaotic=20 postwar environment. One who defines the term adventurer, Eddie=20 Woolbright turned war scrap into a million dollar business, and=20 subsequently parlayed that venture into several well-known = restaurants=20 in Tacloban and Cebu City. Below he comments on the strong = professional=20 and personal interaction between Americans and Filipinos. =

Woolbright: When the war was about over I = left [Asia]=20 and went back to San Francisco. Then I went to the Coast Guard = upgrading=20 school to get my second officer=92s license. I came back and got = on the=20 Wreathnut which was leaving for Tacloban. So I took the=20 Wreathnut, I was first officer on it. They didn=92t have = a second=20 officer; I became the first officer. I got to Tacloban, and I = got to=20 know the captain very well, and the war was over. ... = [Woolbright wanted=20 to be] discharged at Tacloban through a sickness. I was playing = sick=20 again.8 So I pleaded with the captain to = pay me off.=20 I was a little bit sickly, but I tried to get out through = hospital but=20 it didn=92t work out. The captain agreed to pay me off because = he had a=20 new man to take over my position as first officer. So I was paid = off in=20 Tacloban.

When I got off originally I was going to stay = for six=20 months to break the monotony that I had gone through during = World War=20 II. I had a long time on ships, and I thought, "Well, I=92m = going to take=20 a six month vacation." So then I got involved in a little = business here,=20 business there, buying and selling. And every month or two after = six=20 months I said, "Well, I=92m going to get out of here, I=92m = going to get=20 out." But things were going so well, people treating me so nice, = everybody spoke English, I felt like I was at home.

When the war was over so many GIs fell in love = and stayed=20 behind. And they tried to open up businesses. But most of them = had no=20 experience in any type of business in their life before. They = were just=20 out of school, most of them young fellas. Very few lasted long. = Within=20 two or three years most of these guys were gone. A few left = behind in=20 the little, small barrios. Very few of them made out in business = because=20 they hadn=92t any experience in business. Most of those guys who = stayed=20 behind were twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-four, = twenty-five,=20 like me. But I had an advantage over many of them because I had = been=20 working all my life in my home town. I was buying and selling = and=20 working in all kinds of stores...grocery stores, hardware... = meat=20 markets... ice plants... logging... I did everything when I was = a little=20 kid. Newspapers, I=92d sell out newspapers. So I had a lot of = background=20 from my childhood, and that=92s what helped me a helluva = lot.

[Prior to coming to the Philippines] I had a lot = of=20 experience in machineries... [Woolbright acquired some = experience from]=20 the Coast Guard... [during] my childhood days, my father was a=20 machinist, [who had a] blacksmith=92s shop. I learned a lot = about metals.=20 So I started buying a lot of scrap metals, machineries, and I = built=20 myself up a little bit.

I got to like it [living and working in the = Philippines].=20 I got to know the whole town. I got to know many people - men = and women.=20 I was invited to lots of houses, parties. Seems like everybody = treated=20 me like their son. I was twenty-four years old. So I had a ball. = So I=20 kept staying... staying... staying. At that time that [the = Philippines=20 in 1945 and 1946] was an American possession, a commonwealth of = the U.S.=20 We didn=92t need any papers. We were just at home. We could do = anything=20 the Filipinos could do: we could buy, sell, put up a business. = So it was=20 a great life. I got to meet lots of great people.

Back in 1946 in July they had a big event there: = that was=20 the Independence Day of the Philippines, we thought at that time = [it=20 would later be changed to June 12]. ...We gave them independence = in=20 1946. In Tacloban they gave out ribbons and little brass pins. = So I was=20 there in Tacloban at the time of Independence Day, which was = July 4th=20 1946.9

But still we [Americans] had this thing called = parity=20 rights was given out when we lost the commonwealth right over = the=20 Philippines. They had a clause in there that gave American = citizens the=20 right to live in the Philippines, to do business, which was = called the=20 parity rights, until the year 1973. In 1973 Americans were to = lose their=20 rights as Filipinos, and that=92s exactly what happened. But = there were a=20 few little clauses. ... There was a law came up that said anyone = in=20 business in 1953, any alien American, could maintain his = business until=20 death. There was a few of us, maybe five-hundred people = involved. Very=20 few people were here. So I got that right, and I could stay in=20 business.10

Then in 1947 I had a hardware store, a spare = parts store.=20 [Next to it] I started the Airline Hotel and Coffee Shop. = What=20 made me open up a restaurant next to that was during my = childhood days I=20 used to work in a drug stores, but at the soda jerk fountain, = because=20 all drug stores practically had soda fountains. This was a = come-on call;=20 this was advertisement for your store. So I put the coffee shop = in=20 Tacloban next to my auto supply store, and it really boomed. I = had ice=20 cream machines. I had normal electricity. Tacloban had brown = outs all=20 the time but I had my own generators. So it [the restaurant] = became part=20 of me. If anybody wanted to see me or buy something from me they = would=20 go to the Airline Hotel and Coffee Shop.

I had a big hotel of twelve rooms, and they were = first=20 class. American beds, carpets, Simmons beds, which was the best = in the=20 United States at that time.

It was great [to work with Filipinos]. At that = time it was=20 so easy, because I didn=92t speak a word of dialect, and even = now I speak=20 very little. I know very few words. But at that time Tacloban = was like=20 me living in the States. Practically everybody spoke English. = Because=20 Tacloban was a place where there was a lot of old time = Americans, [those=20 who] landed there [in the Philippines] during 1898. They [the = U.S.=20 government] sent American schoolteachers after the Spanish = -American=20 war. The American schoolteachers were all over the islands. = Every=20 province [had] American schoolteachers.11 = They=20 brought their families over. They [Filipinos] came up with great = English, spoke well. It was like the USA. You could just walk = out and=20 everyone was right with you. Even the songs, music, parties... = They all=20 knew the American songs. You just felt at home. Really at = home.

[Until] 1948, 1949 Tacloban was really a lively = town.=20 Because there was a lot of machinery, Army equipment, left = behind at the=20 bases and that was being sold, and it was a boom in Tacloban. = [It wasn=92t=20 that way] before the war. After liberation time - =9148, =9149, = =9150 - it got=20 slowing down. ... And I got a lot of information from a man = named Joe=20 Price. He was the son of one of the 1898 veterans. They had a=20 transportation company there in Tacloban. Joe Price used to tell = me,=20 "Eddie, things are good here now but when the Army equipment and = all its=20 surplus are gone this is a dead town. You should look for = greener=20 grass." He was like my father. He was about fifty-five, sixty at = that=20 time, and I was twenty-five. He taught me a lot, and I listened = to the=20 old man, and he was really right [about the economy in = Tacloban]. In=20 1948, =9149 it [business] started to slack off. So I decided to = start=20 coming to Cebu once in awhile. And I decided to move over here = to=20 Cebu.

It was very hard for me to leave Tacloban. I = knew=20 practically everybody, every politician, every mayor, every = councilor,=20 every school teacher. I was a Rotarian in Tacloban. We organized = the=20 Rotary Club, and I was ten years in the Rotary in Tacloban. I = knew=20 practically the whole city, and everybody treated me just like I = was a=20 Filipino, like I was their son. I was invited to every party and = everything in town. I was made an honorary fire chief of = Tacloban city.=20 And I was given honors from the young girl=92s association of = Tacloban.=20 They treated me so wonderful. Then one year I was made president = of Ang=20 Mga Bayani, a yearly event in Tacloban they celebrate. So in = 1947-48 I=20 was elected Ang Mga Bayani president. The president he has to = dance, do=20 a few things, make a speech or so before the group... But they = treated=20 me wonderful, and until today Tacloban has been a wonderful = place for=20 me.

And I really hated to leave Tacloban, and I had = a bunch of=20 parties when I moved out of Tacloban.

I came to Cebu =9149. I transferred a lot of my = equipment=20 from Tacloban. I put up Eddie=92s Auto Supply. Next door = to it I=20 put up Eddie=92s Log Cabin Coffee Shop. I brought logs = from the=20 island of Mindanao. This was a new building. I rented it for 500 = pesos a=20 month. Brand new concrete building. I lined it with logs and = made a=20 coffee shop, and called it Eddie=92s Log Cabin Coffee = Shop. And=20 that coffee shop is still there: the oldest restaurant and = coffee shop=20 in town.

We [at Eddie=92s Log Cabin] have all = types of food=20 and the best waiters, the best service anywhere in Cebu. And we = had the=20 first air-conditioned coffee shop in Cebu. Before air = conditioned days=20 in Cebu I built air conditioning for that place. Homemade. So we = had=20 everything that you need.12

There was a place called the Suerte was = there=20 before I came into town. It finally closed up. A few years later = there=20 was a place called the Bee Hive, it opened up. The Bee = Hive and Eddie=92s is still alive, [it is] about = eight years=20 younger than mine. The Bee Hive is still existing, it is = owned by=20 a Spanish American woman, her name is Hazel Gonzalez. It is = still going=20 strong. She is a great woman, she treated me like [she was my]=20 sister.

At that time in Cebu there was probably about = five-hundred=20 Americans. All the American companies hiring from abroad and = were using=20 American personnel. But later on in the [19]60=92s they [the = Philippine=20 government] passed a law saying that... [personnel] had to be = local=20 Filipinos. [But] at the time [the early 1950s], when the = Americans were=20 here, we had softball games, basketball teams, baseball teams. I = played=20 on the baseball team. We won a lot of games.

Woolbright: There was no law really in = Tacloban. In=20 the early days of Tacloban, see everybody had guns. Everybody = protecting=20 themselves. In Leyte [I] always had a .45 and machine guns. I = had two or=20 three machine guns. There was a lot of robbers. You had to = protect=20 yourself.

I had a junkyard out in the town of Palo [in = Leyte south=20 of Tacloban]. In those days it was rough. Anyone could get a gun = there... [A person needed] protection. So I had five or six = guards there=20 with machine guns. In my house I had boxes of ammunition. ... = The=20 Hukbalahaps tried to force you to pay, give them something on = the side.=20 I always paid them off. ... Sometimes the Hukbalahaps would come = in and=20 raid us. [Usually, however,] they would not take money, mostly = take=20 spare parts. Every afternoon we would go out in the yard and = practice=20 shooting revolvers and guns. It was the wild west. Our guards = would have=20 a little firing practice every night with somebody trying to = come in.=20 Sometimes they [the raiders] would disarm the guards. I had an = armor=20 plated jeep. ... Always had a guy sitting with me and my German = Shepherd=20 dog. I had a German Shepherd well-trained, sitting in my armor = plated=20 jeep.

In Tacloban there was a guy named Veralez - = bandit - and a=20 guy named Cinco. They were both finally killed in Tacloban. They = were=20 tough guys. They would come to my [supply] yard after dark, = looking for=20 spare parts. And they would pay me for them. Those guys, let=92s = say they=20 were gentlemen. But they were wanted by the law and finally one = of them=20 gave up and one of them got killed by the PCs - the Philippine=20 Constabulary. The other one named Cinco, he didn=92t get killed, = and a=20 little later on they got him to surrender. Then they [the = Philippine=20 Constabulary] double crossed him, Cinco, I think. He wasn=92t = doing=20 anything, and they killed him. So both the guys were killed. But = I knew=20 both of them.

But those days were right after the war. It was = kind of=20 exciting. You know you were so young you didn=92t have any fear. = ... Then=20 I came over to Cebu [and didn=92t need guns anymore]. I turned = in all my=20 guns in Leyte.

Below he gives a personal insight into the world = of=20 American-Philippine politics, noting some of the issues and = friction=20 felt at this time.

Woolbright: [Woolbright knew the = Romualdez family]=20 very, very well. The Romualdez family [were] very good friends = of mine.=20 ... Tacloban was a small town. I had a restaurant. It was full = all of=20 the time. Anybody who came to Tacloban I would meet there. = That=92s where=20 I met Imelda. She was just a young kid going to school down the = street=20 from my hotel and restaurant - about 1946. ... Imelda at that = time ...=20 she was a young kid. She was always at an American=92s party ... = sixteen=20 or seventeen years old, she could play the piano, sing. ... = Imelda was=20 not aggressive. She was very bright in her school days. Long = black hair,=20 very friendly. She was not really a playgirl; she was very = quiet,=20 reserved. She never dated anyone really in Tacloban. But then = she joined=20 a beauty contest. [She] got out and went to Manila... became a = beauty=20 contestant in [the] "Miss Manila" [pageant]. She finally = won.

The next time I saw her [in the 1960s] was up in = Baguio.=20 She saw me and said, "Hi Eddie. I=92d like you to meet my = boyfriend.=20 Ferdinand Marcos, I=92d like you to meet Eddie Woolbright, from = Tacloban."=20 [Parenthetically Woolbright says] at that time I was living in = Cebu.=20 About three or four weeks later, she=92s married!19

For an extended discussion of Woolbright=92s = war-time=20 experiences see Joseph P. McCallus, "Eddie Woolbright: a = Biographical=20 Sketch Drawn from an Oral Narrative," Bulletin of the = American=20 Historical Collection 25, no. 3 (July-September 1997): = 7-20.

4. There are numerous discussions of the Leyte = landing.=20 For a solid historical background see M. Hamlin Cannon, The = War in=20 the Pacific: Leyte - the Return to the Philippines = (Washington,=20 D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, U.S. Army, = 1954)

8. Woolbright confided to the author that he had = feigned=20 sickness a number of times to be paid off in a port that = appealed to=20 him.

9. Under the Diosdado Macapagal administration = Philippine=20 Independence day would be moved to June 12, the anniversary of = Emilio=20 Aguinaldo=92s declaration of Philippine sovereignty from Spain = in=20 1898.

10. The parity law Woolbright mentions is = presumably the=20 Retail Trade Nationalization Act, Republic Act 1180, passed in = 1954 to=20 take effect ten years later, giving foreign businesses enough = time to=20 make the necessary developments and improvements. This was = challenged by=20 American businesses with the Laurel-Langley agreement.

11. Woolbright is referring to the "Thomasites" = and the=20 other American teachers who formed the colonial teaching corps. =

12. The reputation of Woolbright=92s Cebu = establishment is=20 formidable and long-standing. Volume 7 (1995) of the = Philippine=20 Smile, a popular tourist publication, notes the following: = "One of=20 the best restaurants in the city is Eddie=92s Log Cabin, = opened in=20 the 1950s [sic] has been a haven for local politicians and = expats=20 since," 140.

19. Imelda=92s days in Tacloban are described in = detail in=20 Chapter VII ("The Rose of Tacloban," 83-108) of Carmen = Navarro-Pedrosa=92s=20 The Untold Story of Imelda Marcos (Rizal, 1969).

Back=20 to top

From Chapter Five Americans under the Marcos = regime,=20 1972-1985

The highly personalized character of Philippine = politics=20 and the baroque mechanisms of martial law are also demonstrated = by the=20 narrative of Eddie Woolbright. Woolbright, finished with driving = Huks=20 from his junkyard in Leyte, had set up business in Cebu City. = Among his=20 new ventures was the development of Beverly Hills, now Cebu = City=92s=20 premier subdivision housing the area=92s elite (including = Woolbright), and=20 his new restaurant, Eddie=92s Log Cabin. The restaurant = offered to=20 Woolbright the means to meet a wide variety of people, including = many=20 politicians. In fact, the restaurant brought Woolbright in = contact with=20 nearly all of the country=92s prominent postwar = politicians.9 It was this relationship with leading = politicians,=20 including his long friendship with Imelda Marcos, that = eventually led to=20 a collision with the government during martial law. Woolbright = begins=20 his narrative with a description of his popular establishment = and its=20 clientele.

Woolbright: Everybody came there. We had = morning=20 breakfasts. The Philippine Army [in Cebu City] would call up and = they=20 would need reservations for breakfast for all the officers that = morning.=20 During election time I had presidents come in, candidates for = president,=20 vice president, and a lot of those people I knew, [that] I met = many=20 times. Even Magsaysay was there one time. Jose Garcia was there. = [Ninoy]=20 Aquino was there. I have had a great amount of diplomats come in = to=20 Eddie=92s. Macapagal has been there. And Imelda Marcos. = After=20 Imelda there was Sergio Osmena.

Osmena, who was the governor and mayor of Cebu, = he made it=20 his office practically. He was a great friend of mine, and we = would go=20 out, nightly we would go out, to nice clubs, and have a ball. He = had an=20 office in Manila but he was always over there [in Eddie=92s = Log=20 Cabin]. But later on he was in that bombing in Manila [the = Plaza=20 Miranda bombing on August 21, 1971], and he got hurt very = seriously.=20 Finally, a week before martial law he went to the States and = never came=20 back because he was afraid of Marcos.

But for Woolbright the high profile life with = politicians=20 brought severe repercussions during martial law. Woolbright, who = built a=20 career on being the consummate nice guy, ironically found = himself a=20 political prisoner.

Woolbright: I was living a great life here = in Cebu.=20 Never thought I had an enemy in the world. Didn=92t have an = enemy, I=20 suppose. So one Sunday afternoon [in November, 1972] I got a = call from=20 the Philippine Constabulary. They said, "Mr. Woolbright, we are = having a=20 party this afternoon. Would you please come over?"

So I said, "What time?"

He said, "Two-thirty or three o=92clock."

So this was a dirty trick [played] on me. I = dressed up in=20 my barong, drove over myself in my sports car. Parked. Walked in = and=20 said, "Where=92s the party?"

The Philippine [Constabulary] sergeant said, = "Mr.=20 Woolbright, sit down I want to ask you a few questions." He = started=20 asking me questions.

I said, "What=92s all this about? Why are you = asking me=20 questions?"

He said, "Just answer the questions, = please."

[Woolbright] couldn=92t find out anything. They = invited me=20 to the party, no one willing to arrest me. They had orders from = Manila=20 or somewhere to arrest me for some reason for which I didn=92t = know. And=20 he said, "Well, Mr. Woolbright, I=92m sorry to tell you this but = this is=20 no party, you are under arrest."

"What for?"

He said, "I don=92t know."

I said, "You can=92t lock me up. You can=92t put = me in the=20 stockade if you don=92t know [what Woolbright is being arrested = for].

He said, "Yes we can. This is martial law."

So I immediately got in touch with the American = consul.=20 The American consul, Dan Sullivan, came over. And then the = general in=20 charge [of presumably the Philippine Constabulary] said [to = presumably=20 the arresting officers], "Why did you do such a dirty thing as = that to=20 call him out to a party and then lock him up? Why didn=92t you = [just=20 arrest him] last night?"

[The response was], "Well, orders were out for = several=20 days but no one wanted to arrest Woolbright. We know who he is." = And=20 they could not tell me [why they were arresting Woolbright].

Woolbright was taken to the stockade in Cebu = with other=20 political prisoners. It can be assumed, however, that = Woolbright=92s=20 treatment was out of the ordinary. Whether this was because of = his=20 nationality or his local reputation it is not certain. Despite = his=20 continued incarceration with its Kafkaesque overtones, = Woolbright=20 carried on business, enjoying life to the fullest.

Woolbright: They treated me wonderful. I had = a great=20 life in the stockade. My lawyer came over everyday. Most of the = time the=20 consul came every day to see [if he was OK]. Well, we would go = and talk=20 to the general, and he still couldn=92t tell me [about the = charges].

I said, "General, what if I just walked out? You = have no=20 charges against me. So what?"

He said, "No, you can=92t do that, Eddie."

I said, "Well, I=92m not going to stay here if = there are no=20 charges against me. Give me a charge and I=92ll stay."

So he said, "No, I=92ll let you out. You can ask = for=20 permission for leave to go outside during the day time [in = effect, a day=20 pass]. OK. But not everyday."

I said, "All right."

So then about every other day I went out. Go = out, come=20 back at twelve o=92clock midnight. I=92d bring sinigang [soup] = ... [every=20 time he would go out of the gate] I=92d give the guard 20 pesos. = I said,=20 "Well, I=92ll see you at twelve o=92clock."

Everybody was scared to death [about martial = law]. I had=20 no fear, really. ... It was a helluva lot of fun in the camp. = They were=20 very nice to me in the camp. Every night I would send my singers = down=20 from Eddie=92s and the girls would come in and sing to = the=20 prisoners. [They would] bring me food. I ate food from = Eddie=92s.=20 ... We had poker games. We=92d have balut games [gambling]. = There was=20 action every once in a while. There was no problem. But anyway, = they=20 treated me wonderful in the stockade. I can=92t say anything = [negative]=20 about that. The guys in the stockade they would do all my work = for me. I=20 was treated like a king. Couldn=92t even make up my bed; all the = people=20 would make my bed up. I would go out every other day maybe I = would bring=20 lechon over and give the prisoners lechon [roast pork].

I was having a lot of fun. It was a good = experience.

Woolbright offers some insight into why he was = arrested=20 and how he secured his freedom.

Woolbright: [There were] plenty, plenty [of = other=20 political prisoners]. [The arrest] was all over Osmena, I = suppose,=20 because he and I were close friends. And Marcos couldn=92t stand = Osmena.=20 They were on fighting terms.10

But everybody was telling me, "Why don=92t you = ask Imelda to=20 let you out?" I said I don=92t want to ask any favors. I don=92t = want to beg=20 anybody. She must know about it. So finally I said OK. I=92ll = send this=20 cable to Imelda. I sent Imelda a cable after about forty-five, = fifty=20 days. I said, "Imelda, I=92m here in the camp, the stockade, in = Cebu. I=20 don=92t know what for, but I=92m tired. I=92ve tried to adjust = to this but I=20 don=92t know what I=92m here for. Please look into my case = immediately."

Within two hours a cable came back [saying], = "Release=20 Woolbright from detention."

Until today I=92ve never been charged. I don=92t = know what I=20 was in for. But that=92s martial law. Nobody apologized.

Woolbright was not the only political prisoner = in the Cebu=20 stockade. But he was probably one of the very few who left his = confines=20 without a sense of bitterness or vindictiveness. Indeed, despite = the=20 incarceration, Woolbright did not lose his sense of friendship = with and=20 respect for Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. In trying to ascertain = the=20 details of his arrest, he seems to exonerate both of = them.

Woolbright: Imelda didn=92t put me in the = stockade, she=20 took me out of the stockade. She=92s always been a good friend = of mine.=20 ... Marcos, maybe he didn=92t know about it, either. See, you = never knew=20 what happened. Marcos was a smart fella. He never done anything = mean [to=20 me] before. And whether he did that or not... [maybe] he = couldn=92t take=20 care of everything that was happening.

9. See Philippine Smile 7 (1995):140.

10. Gleeck=92s President Marcos and the = Philippine=20 Political Culture provides interesting accounts of the Plaza = Miranda=20 bombing and the rivalry between Marcos and Osmena. See 76-77, = 98-100,=20 and 133.

Back=20 to Top

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